Hansenula polymorpha   Arxula adeninivorans   Xplor Vector System   Chaperones

		Bacteria Bacteria have a single circular DNA chromosome, located in the cytoplasm as they do not have a nucleus. Indeed they lack any of the intracellular organelles so characteristic of eukaryotic cells, such as golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes or mitochondria. Bacteria, especially E. coli, are used in biotechnology since the early 70'ies. Yeasts Yeasts multiply as single cells which divide by budding or direct division, or they grow as simple irregular filaments. In sexual reproduction a lot of yeasts form asci, containing up to eight haploid ascospores. These ascospores can fuse with other nuclei and multiply through vegetative division or, as with some yeasts, fuse with other ascospores. As eukaryotic organisms yeasts are able to perform posttranslational modifications such as glycosylation and therefore are suited to express complex proteins. Yeasts are already applied in production of recombinant pharmaceutical products like Hepatitis B vaccine and Insulin. Fungi As other eukaryotic organisms, fungi contain true mitochondria, 80S ribosomes, centrioles and membrane-enclosed nuclei, lack chlorophyll and chloroplasts. Fungi typically reproduce asexually and/or sexually by producing spores, and grow either reproductively by budding or non-reproductively by hyphal tip elongation. Fungi are widely used in antibiotic production.